مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
سال پانزدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1401)

Detection of resistance to an herbicide in a putatively resistant accession requires a series of experiments which are capable of illustrating the response of the accession to various herbicide doses. Whole plant bioassay in pots usually takes approx. 2 months to obtain the results, thus, rapid tests were developed to accelerate the process. Although determination of discriminating concentration as well as conduction of rapid test for some ACCase inhibitors has been performed by various researchers, no reports are available in this regard for in clodinafop propargyl herbicide in rigid ryegrass from wheat field of Golestan province. Thus, the following study was conducted with the objective of rapid detection of resistance to the mentioned herbicide in this weed using the rapid test.

The experiments were conducted using the seeds of 30 putatively resistant rigid ryegrass accessions and a susceptible biotype gathered from wheat field of Golestan province in 2019. Rapid test in petri dishes was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replications, with each petri dish as one replicate. To determine the discriminating concentration, various concentrations of clodinafop propargyl was applied on the susceptible accession and then, all putative accessions were screened using this concentrations. The biotypes of the studied weed were exposed to various doses of the herbicide in the petri dish bioassay to determine the resistance factor. Also, another experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted for screening of putative accessions in the greenhouse. Accessions which maintained their survival and dry weight respectively 50 and 80 percent compared to the unsprayed control were selected. A whole plant dose-response bioassay was also done separately for each biotype. Checking the distribution map of resistant biotypes indicated that these biotypes were not uniform in the wheat fields of Golestan province. During sampling, geographical coordinates of infected areas were recorded using GPS Map60 device and weed distribution map was prepared using ArcGIS software.

Discriminating concentration of clodinafop propargyl for rigid ryegrass was obtained 0.0196 mg ai. L-1. According to the results, 25 out of 30 accessions were detected as resistant and underwent the concentration- response assay in petri dishes. Resistant factors of the biotypes in the rapid test ranged from 38.75 to 1756.20. According to the results of the greenhouse, 25 accessions were detected as resistant with resistance factors of 11.58 to 24.05. There was a positive and significant correlation between the results obtained from the rapid test with the greenhouse assay (%93). Investigation of distribution map of resistant biotypes indicated non-even distribution of these biotypes across wheat fields of Golestan province, with resistant and susceptible biotypes often observed in the west and east of the province, respectively.

Putative rigid ryegrass accessions collected from the region may be screened using 0.0196 mg ai. L-1 concentration and resistant biotypes may be detected more rapidly compared to greenhouse assays. Also, the results of the rapid test are in accordance with those of the whole plant assay in pots. Due to the swift development phenomenon of herbicide resistance issue, rapid detection of resistance is essential. Thus, using methods such as rapid test may be very feasible.

Nitrogen (N) more than other mineral essential nutrients is required for plant growth and its shortage limit the growth and yield of crops. Nitrogen losses in different ways, reducing soil fertility, as well as increasing the yield potential of new cultivars, including bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), has increased the need for N fertilizer application. Today, using fertilizers containing nitrification inhibitors has been considered as one of the ways to reduce N losses and optimize N nutrition of crops. However, no study has been carried out in this context under field conditions in Iran.

In this study, the effects of different sources of N include: a) ammonium sulfate, b) ammonium sulfate containing nitrification inhibitor DMPP, c) urea, and d) ammonium sulfate containing DMPP plus urea at 50:50, and different rates of fertilizer N including 0 (control), 50, 125 and 200 kg N ha-1 on yield and yield components of wheat were evaluated. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources.

The results indicated a linear and significant increase in yield components, grain and biological yield and reduction in harvest index with increasing nitrogen fertilizer rate. The mean grain and biological yield in control (0 kg N ha-1) were 3882.2 and 8016.2 kg ha-1. A kilogram increase in nitrogen fertilizer resulted in 13.5 and 30.55 kg increase in grain and biological yield, respectively. Grain and biological yield were reached to 6477 and 13964 kg ha-1 , respectively, in the treatment of application of 200 kg N ha-1. According to the results of this experiment, grain yield changes were mainly due to changes in the number of spikes per square meter and partly due to changes in the number of grains per spike, and grain size fluctuations had no considerable effect on grain yield changes. Grain yield in ammonium sulfate containing DMPP was 2.8% and 4.2% higher than urea and ammonium sulfate, respectively. But, this increase was not statistically significant. In terms of grain yield components, biological yield and harvest index, there was no difference between nitrogen fertilizers containing DMPP and conventional fertilizers.

Under the environmental conditions of this experiment, despite a significant linear increase in yield components, and grain and biological yield of wheat in response to increasing nitrogen fertilizer rate, the use of nitrogen fertilizer containing nitrification inhibitor did not result in significant improvement in grain yield probably due to soil characteristics, low number of irrigation (only two time), irrigation time (late in the growing season of wheat), as well as the spliting and application of fertilizer in three stages. Therefore, due to the high cost of these fertilizers, their use is not recommended.

Beans are one of the most important food sources in many parts of the world due to their high protein content. According to geographical conditions, drought stress in Iran is one of the most important threats to agricultural products. Disruption of photosynthesis, destruction of cell structures, reduction of stomatal conductance and plant growth are among the effects of drought stress. Today, the use of biofertilizers based on soil microorganisms is one of the main goals of sustainable agriculture to improve plant condition. In addition to improving soil structure, biofertilizers improve plant growth and yield under stress conditions by increasing root morphology, increasing nutrient uptake and increasing antioxidant power. Due to the negative effect of drought stress on crop yield, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on physiological characteristics and grain yield of red beans in different irrigation regimes.

  This experiment was performed as a split plot base on randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Yasouj University in 2016. Experimental treatments include irrigation at three levels (normal irrigation, irrigation cut-off at the beginning of flowering to the beginning of podding and irrigation cut-off at the beginning of podding to maturity) and biofertilizer at four levels (control (no application) Biofertilizer (application of mycorrhiza fungus, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and combined application of mycorrhizal fungus and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria). The red bean seed (phaseolus vulgaris) used in this experiment was a Derakhshan cultivar and the mycorrhizal fungus used was Funneliformis mosseae. Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (Phosphate barvar2) base on Pseudomonas putida Strain P13 and Pantoea agglomerans Strain P5 were used as seed inoculation at planting time. Sampling was done randomly at the beginning of podding stage and in the middle of grain filling with respect to the marginal effect in each block in order to measure percentage of electrolyte leakage, leaf relative water content (RWC), content of photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, proline and malondialdehyde (MDA).

  The results showed that different levels of irrigation were significant for traits such as RWC, electrolyte leakage percentage, MDA content, leaf proline content, leaf protein, soluble sugar concentration, total chlorophyll content and carotenoids. The effect of biofertilizer was significant on all traits except the RWC. It should be noted that the interaction of irrigation and biofertilizer was not significant on any of the studied physiological traits except for MDA. Irrigation levels and application of biofertilizers also had a significant effect on grain yield, the combination of both biofertilizers was very effective on grain yield, especially in stress conditions. The grain yield was more than control in the case of irrigation cut-off in the flowering stage and in the case of irrigation cut-off in the stage of podding to maturity by 45 and 38%, respectively.

The results of this experiment showed that drought stress in the form of irrigation cut-off reduced the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, increased the levels of physiological degradation and thus reduced the grain yield of red beans. In conditions of drought stress application of mycorrhiza biofertilizers and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria, by reducing the damage caused by drought stress, prevented the reduction of bean yield. Also, the application of biofertilizers in normal conditions significantly increased the yield of red beans.

sorghum is the fifth most important grain in the world and is the main food of more than 500 million people in more than 30 countries. This plant has been introduced as a good substitute for corn in water shortage conditions; Because it has a higher tolerance to drought. On the other hand, choosing a variety adapted to the region and with greater tolerance to drought helps to increase production and reduce water consumption. Also, the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi through the development of the root system, improving the absorption and transfer of nutrients and the production of metabolites and plant hormones has an important role in increasing the tolerance of plants to drought and on quantitative, qualitative, The growth and performance of agricultural plants has a positive effect. Considering the reduction of atmospheric precipitation in Iran and as a result of the water crisis in the country, the need for irrigation water management, especially in the agricultural sector, which is considered to be the main consumer of water, is of considerable importance. On the other hand, due to the fact that mycorrhizal fungi help the crop to absorb water, the above experiment aims to investigate the use of mycorrhiza in reducing the effects of drought stress on the yield and morphophysiological characteristics of three varieties of grain sorghum in moderate weather conditions. Kouhdash Lorestan was done.

This experiment was carried out in the summer of 2015 and 2016 in Kohdasht city of Lorestan in the form of split-plot-factorial split-plot design with four replications. The main factor includes three irrigation regimes after 80 (control), 120 and 160 mm cumulative evaporation from the class A evaporation pan and sub-factors include mycorrhizal biological fertilizer in two levels of application and non-application of fertilizer and three grain sorghum varieties including Kimia, Payam. and Sepideh were the levels of the factors.

The results showed that the morphophysiological characteristics of sorghum such as leaf area index, spike length, number of seeds per spike, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index decreased significantly with the increase in the intensity of drought stress. The highest seed yield was obtained under normal irrigation conditions and this trait decreased significantly under severe drought stress conditions. The comparison of the average of the simple effect of the factors showed that the application of mycorrhiza produced the highest seed yield and among the cultivars, Sepideh cultivar was the best and Payam cultivar had the lowest seed yield. The trend of changes in grain yield and leaf proline content with the increase in drought stress followed a significant linear relationship, negative and positive, respectively.

In total, the Sepideh variety with the use of mycorrhiza in the irrigation regime after 120 mm of evaporation without significant difference while producing the most desirable grain yield saves irrigation water can be recommended for the region.

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is an annual plant of the Polyganales family, native to the United States of America. This plant is one of the most important medicinal plants. However, Drought stress as a limiter has a great effect on reducing its yield. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of seed per treatment and seedling foliar application with polyamine compounds on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, routine and Seed yield was monitored under drought stress. This study was created out in 3 stages in agricultural faculty and natural resources at Shiraz university during the 2019-2020 arable years. The first experiment was for the effect of pretreatment of Buckwheat seed with polyamines on germination characteristics which was performed as a two-factor factorial in a randomized complete block design with four replications in vitro.

Experimental treatments included drought stress at seven levels (zero, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, -1 and -1.2 MPa) and seed pretreatment with melatonin (zero, 0.125, 0.250., 0.375 and 0.500 mmol) and spermidine (zero, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mmol). The second experiment (greenhouse) and the third (farm) were performed as three-factor and split-factorial factories in a randomized complete block design with three replications, respectively. In greenhouse conditions, drought stress at three levels of irrigation (irrigation at 10, 40, and 70 % field capacity depletion), and on-farm drought stress at three levels: full-field irrigation (no stress), 8-day irrigation once (mild stress) and irrigation Applied once every 16 days (severe stress).

In the first stage, the results of the laboratory section showed that different treatments of spermidine and melatonin in comparison with the control treatment had a significant effect on germination traits so that under drought stress concentrations of 1.5 mM spermidine and 0.375 ml Melatonin molar had the greatest effect on improving dilar germination, so they were selected as experimental treatments in greenhouses and farms. In greenhouse experiments, the three-way interactions of drought stress, seed pretreatment and foliar application of spermidine and melatonin on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and proline content were significant and the highest amount of catalase was 259.8 mg (mg protein). Per minute) and proline 5.12 (μg / ml) in combination of seed pretreatment with melatonin (0.375 mmol) and melatonin foliar application (0.375 mmol) under 70% discharge conditions Crop capacity was observed. In field conditions, the interaction of drought stress, seed pretreatment and foliar application of spermidine and melatonin had a significant effect on plant growth period and grain yield and the highest grain yield to seed pretreatment with melatonin with foliar application. With a concentration of 0.375 mmol and normal moisture conditions were allocated.

Seed pretreatment and seedling treating with melatonin in 0.375 mmol concentration, showed more effects in Buckwheat plant in both greenhouse and open field condition and the highest yield (538.2 kg/ha) seen in this concentration too.

Improper use of chemical fertilizers has caused a lack of balance of nutrients, especially trace elements, and attention to improving the quality of wheat grain is one of the important issues along with the quantity of production of this product is important. Application of growth regulators, especially plant hormones (such as cytokinin), by acting on the antioxidant system and plant-resource relations of plants, as a solution to reduce the effects of environmental stresses at the molecular, cellular levels, Biochemical, physiological as well as performance enhancing. Nutrient deficiency can be seen in almost all farms in the world and the application of foliar application of micronutrients such as iron, zinc, selenium, can have beneficial effects on plant photosynthesis and quantitative growth and quality of wheat grain. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate the Nano micronutrients and also the use of cytokinin hormone on the quantitative and qualitative properties of wheat under different irrigation regimes.

This study was conducted in two regions of Karaj and Hamadan in 2019-2020 crop year as a split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments include irrigation regimes with three levels (irrigation at 40% available moisture discharge throughout the growing season (control), Normal irrigation in planting date to pollination and irrigation at 60% available moisture discharge, normal irrigation in planting date to pollination then cut off irrigation), as the main and factorial factor of low-consumption Nano-elements with five levels: control (no Nano-micronutrients), zinc, iron, selenium and a combination of three elements) and cytokinin use time With four levels (control (non-consumption), consumption in flowering stage, consumption in lactation stage and consumption in flowering stage + milking) were evaluated as a sub-factor. Traits such as grain protein, fresh gluten, grain potassium, grain phosphorus, grain zinc, zeleni sediment volume and grain hardness were measured.

The results indicate that the effects of irrigation, cytokinin and Nano-micronutrient treatments on the studied traits were significant, but the interaction effects of these treatments were not significant. The results showed that the highest values of the most studied traits in this study were related to normal irrigation in planting date to pollination then cut off irrigation. Co-consumption of micronutrients Zinc + iron + selenium compared to other micronutrient element treatments increased the traits of this study and the highest values of traits in cytokinin treatments were related to the use of cytokinin in flowering + lactation and lactation stages. The highest amount of grain protein is related to irrigation treatments in 40% of available moisture discharge (normal) in the amount of (14.42%), as well as zinc + iron + selenium in the amount of (14.51%) and application of cytokinin in the flowering stage + Milking and milking treatment were with values (13.94%) and (13.65%), respectively.

Drought stress (normal irrigation to pollination and then complete cessation of irrigation) caused a 28.73% increase in protein compared to normal irrigation conditions and the combined application of Nano micronutrients (zinc + iron + selenium) increased the protein by 30.95% Compared to the control and the application of cytokinin in the flowering stage + flowering, milking and milking treatment increased by (26.15%) and (23.52%) compare to control, respectively.

In order to increase the quantity and quality of plant production in sustainable agriculture system, the co-application of organic and inorganic (chemical) fertilizers are in great importance. The co-application of organic and chemical fertilizers could potentially increase both plant growth and crop yield by improving the soil quality properties and enhancing the uptake of plant nutrients. In this approach, a proportion of needed plant nutrients is supplied by the chemical fertilizers and the rest is provided by organic fertilizers. Meanwhile, in this study the co-application of the organic i.e leonardite, vermicompost and black soils and their extracted humic acid and the inorganic fertilizers were studied. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of co-application of some organic amendments and chemical fertilizer on yield, yield components and concentration of some nutrients in green pepper.

To investigate the effect of co-application of some organic amendments on the yield and yield components of green pepper, a split-plot design over randomized completely design in three replications at pot-experiment level was conducted in 2019 growing season. In this experiment, the main factors include three types of organic amendments (leonardite, vermicompost and black soil) and sub-factors were 14 levels including (control, chemical fertilizer treatment (NPK) according to soil test, leonardite in three levels (2.6, 5.2 and 7.8 ton ha-1), extracted humic acid from leonardite in three levels (2.6, 5.2 and 7.8 kg ha-1), leonardite at the level of 2.6 (ton ha-1) with 75 % of needed chemical fertilizer (NPK), leonardite at the level 5.2 (ton ha-1) with 50 % of needed chemical fertilizer, leonardite at the level of 7.8 (ton ha-1) with 25 % of needed chemical fertilizer, extracted humic acid from leonardite at the level of 2.6 (kg ha-1) with 75 % of needed chemical fertilizer, humic acid extracted of leonardite at the level of 5.2 (kg ha-1) with 50 % of needed chemical fertilizer and the humic acid extracted of leonardite at the level of 7.8 (kg ha-1) with 25 % of needed chemical fertilizer were considered. Furthermore, all sub-surfaces for vermicompost and black soil treatments were similar to those for leonardite treatment.

The results indicated that co-application of organic amendments and chemical fertilizers and its interaction effect had significant effects on yield, yield components and concentration of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium of green pepper fruit. Application of extracted humic acid from leonardite (2.6 kg ha-1) with 75 % of NPK was able to increase yield of pepper, plant height, leaf area and total leaf chlorophyll 6, 1.7, 2.3 and 2.7 time compared to the control. Also, the highest amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of green pepper fruit increased by 7, 2.8 and 2.9 times in the above treatments compared to the control, respectively.

The co-application of organic fertilizers and/or extracted humic acid with chemical fertilizer increase the concentration of high elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in green pepper fruit as well as vegetative traits such as plant dry weight, plant height, chlorophyll content and leaf area in green pepper. In fact, leonardite and extracted humic acid due to the increased root uptake and the chelating ability of the element, will make these elements more available to the plant. In general, the combined application of humic acid and chemical fertilizers (NPK) due to the richness of nutrients required for plant growth of green pepper compared to the control treatment.

Soja (Glycine max L.) is the most important oil crop in the world. Soybean yield and its geographical distribution in the country can be severely limited by abiotic practices such as drought. There is a constant need to improve soybean cultivars with stable yields in different environments. In this study, the stability and adaptability of advanced soybean lines under water stress conditions have been investigated.

In this study, 14 top soybean lines that were superior in preliminary soybean yield evaluation experiments in different regions along with two cultivars, Saba and Kowsar, in two separate experiments. They were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the two years of 2015-2016 in Karaj. Both experiments were similarly irrigated until seedling establishment and the emergence of the V4-V5 stage, which coincided with the complete development of the fourth to fifth of three-leaf. After that, the first experiment was irrigated weekly and the second one every other week (50-55 and 100-120 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan, respectively). At the end of two years, the stability and adaptability of the lines were evaluated by GGE biplot, AMMI, and the rank of the mean yield.

The results showed that the effects of genotype, environment and genotype × environment explained 20, 68, and 12% of the total squares, respectively. Also, the first two main components were significant and each of them accounted for 67 and 24% of the total squares, respectively. The results of this study showed that the highest seed yield in non-stress conditions was observed in G1, G3 and G2 lines, respectively. Also in drought stress conditions, the highest seed yield was obtained from G3 and G2 lines. The G3 line was known as a drought tolerant genotype with higher than total average yield in both non-stress and stress conditions.

According to the mean rank and standard deviation of seed yield rank of lines biplot diagram, G3, G1, G2, G7 had the least interaction with the environment and were identified as stable lines. in the first two main components biplot diagram, and the AMMI stability value (ASV) with the lines seed yield biplot diagram, G2, G6, G3, G1, G7 were recognized as more stable lines. Based on the GGE polygon diagram, lines G1, G6, G2, G7, G4, and G5 were also selected. Also, G3, and G8 lines showed good private adaptability with Karaj in stress-non stress conditions. The results showed that line G3, G1, G2 with higher seed yield than the total mean and control cultivars can be introduced as a suitable line for cultivation in low water areas.and they can also be used in future breeding programs.

Slow growth of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) makes it a poor competitor against weeds. The presence of weeds in fields leads to waste of water and nutrients and provides a habitat for growth of pathogens and insect pests, which adversely affects plant productivity. Herbicide application for keeping the fields free of weeds during the critical period of weed control helps minimize the costs of weeding. This experiment was carried out to determine the appropriate dose of quizalofop-P-ethyl for effective control of grass weeds in groundnut fields.

Field experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and four replications in Guilan, Ardabil and Golestan provinces. Quizalofop-P-ethyl 8.8%EC at four doses included 500, 550, 600 and 650 ml ha-1 (Kimia Sabz Moghan Company) was investigated for grass weed control and compared with haloxyfop R methyl ester 10.8%EC (0.75 L ha-1), clethodim 12%EC (1 L ha-1), sethoxydim 12.5%EC (3 L ha-1), fluazifop-P-butyl 15%EC (3 L ha-1).

Application of quizalofop-P-ethyl 8.8% EC at 500, 550, 600 and 650 ml ha-1 in Guilan province, led to 72, 79, 90, 85% number reduction and 70, 87, 96, 92% dry weight reduction of grass weeds (E.crus-galli and S.glauca) compared to weedy check, respectively. In Ardabil province, the control efficacy of quizalofop-P-ethyl at these doses for the number reduction of E. crus-galli was 57, 74, 90, 92%, respectively and for dry weight reduction was 60, 71, 90, 92%, respectively and for S.glauca, the number reduction was 46, 60, 71, 69%, respectively of and the dry weight reduction was 57, 84, 93, 92%, respectively. In Golestan province, application of quizalofop-P-ethyl at these doses led to 19, 24, 57, 58% number reduction, respectively and 23, 53, 78, 78% dry weight reduction of E. colonum, respectively and 33, 35, 39, 53% number reduction, respectively and 51, 59, 90, 92% dry weight reduction of S. glauca, respectively and 53, 61, 66, 58% number reduction, respectively and 87, 90, 92, 87% dry weight reduction of S. vercillata, respectively. In comparison between all treatments, the highest weed control efficiency of E. crus-galli with ≥ 90% was occurred in application of fluazifop-P-butyl and quizalofop-P-ethyl 600 and 650 ml ha-1 and then in quizalofop-P-ethyl 550 ml ha-1 with 71-79% density and dry matter reduction. The highest weed control efficiency of E. colonum was achieved in fluazifop-P-butyl, quizalofop-P-ethyl 600 and 650 ml ha-1, sethoxydim and clethodim which were ≥70% dry matter reduction of weed. In control of S. glauca, except of quizalofop-P-ethyl 500 ml ha-1, other treatments had effective weed control efficiency (≥ 80%). Dry weight reduction of S. verticillata, was achieved ≥85% compared to control with treatments. The highest yield increase in comparison to control in Guilan was achieved with the application of quizalofop-P-ethyl 600 ml ha-1, clethodim, quizalofop-P-ethyl 550 ml ha-1 and sethoxydim (74, 73, 70.5 and 61% respectively); in Ardabil, with application of quizalofop-P-ethyl 600 ml ha-1, sethoxydim, quizalofop-P-ethyl 650 and 550 ml ha-1 and fluazifop-P-butyl (162, 160, 156, 149 and 148%) and in Golestan with application of clethodim, quizalofop-P-ethyl 550 and 600 ml ha-1 and sethoxydim (297, 297, 261 and 243% respectively).

Due to the effective efficiency on quizalofop-P-ethyl 8.8% EC herbicide in control of grass weeds and producing a high groundnut yield compared to weedy control, it can be stated that this herbicide at a dosage of 600 ml ha-1in the form of a foliar spray in the stage of two- to four-leaf of narrow-leaf weeds is recommendable as an efficient herbicide to control of narrow-leaf (grass) weeds.

Identifying genotypes that combine high performance across many traits has been a challenger task. Classical linear multi-trait selection indexes are available, but the presence of multicollinearity and the arbitrary choosing of weighting coefficients may erode the genetic gains. Therefore it is necessary use novel approach for elite genotype selection based on multiple traits that overcome the fragility of classical linear indexes. The aim of this study was initially to select superior genotypes based on grain yield and a number of morpho-phenological traits and finally to compare different indicators for selecting ideal genotypes.

In order to evaluate a number of pure barley lines using multi-trait selection indicators in the Darab Agricultural Research Station, two one-year experiments in the crop years (2017-19) and one two-year experiment (2019-2021) were done. The first year experiment consisted of 108 pure barley lines which were executed as an Augment design and in the second year 34 lines were selected for Darab region. The selected lines were performed using two separate 1 and 2 experiments in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Then, 11 promising lines were selected and along with 6 other lines that were top in Zabul and Moghan regions, were examined in a two-year experiment. The two-year experiment was performed using a randomized complete block design with three replications.

The results of variance analysis of two-year experiments showed that the effect of year was significant for all traits except plant height. The effect of genotype was significant for all traits except grain yield and on the other hand, the genotype × year interaction was significant only for grain yield at 5% probability level. The Smith-Hazel index selected three genotypes, G7, G2 and G15, as the superior genotypes. In the multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI), genotypes G15, G2, G16 and G20 were selected as the best genotypes. G14, G8 and G18 genotypes were among the top genotypes using factor analysis and ideotype design via best linear unbiased prediction index (FAI-BLUP). According to the results of selection index of ideal genotype (SIIG), G20, G17, G19 and G15 genotypes were the top genotypes with the highest SIIG values, respectively. The results of correlation between the studied traits and MGIDI, FAI-BLUP and SIIG indices showed that all indices except FAI-BLUP had a significant correlation with grain yield. Among the indicators, FAI-BLUP did not show a significant correlation with any of the indicators.

In general, the results of different indices showed that in the conditions of this study, none of the indices showed superiority over each other, and therefore finally the G15 genotype, which was the ideal genotype based on most indices, and the genotype G14 (selected genotype by FAI-BLUP index) due to its earlier maturity and high grain yield as the best genotypes in this study for cultivation and introduction in the southern regions of the country that have a similar climate to Darab, is recommended.

Meta-analysis is a comprehensive statistical analysis method for multiple independent experiments under the same subject. In the agricultural research field, the technique is mainly used for the comprehensive study of trials to explore the response characteristics of the main treatments (11). Due to the dispersions and differences in the results of studies on the effect of fertilizers on the growth and quantitative and qualitative yield of important medicinal species, in this study, meta-analysis method was used.

We conducted a global meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of various fertilizers on quantitative yield and quality of some medicinal plants including psyllium, fennel, basil, savory, dill, black seed and cumin using data obtained from peer-reviewed publication during past 50-year based on a ROSES protocol. So, 78 studies were selected that they representing 18 studies on psyllium, 8 studies on fennel, 12 studies on basil, 11 studies on savory, 7 studies on dill, 9 studies on black seed and 13 studies on cumin. Hedges effect size, publication bias (by using Begg and Mazumdar correlation) and Kendall's Tau coefficient were computed and funnel graphs were drawn by using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software, version 2.

Based on the results, the highest effect size was related to the impact of humic acid on dried weight of stigma (g=3.434). After humic acid, biofertilizer, chemical fertilizer and compost were computed in the next ranks. Based on the Hedges effect size, vermicompost (g=1.106) had the highest impact on psyllium yield of and the next rank was computed for integrated fertilizers (g=0.061). Different fertilizers had not significant effect on yield of fennel and dill. The results revealed that bio-fertilizer (g=0.553) had significant effect on yield of black seed. Also, cumin yield was significantly affected by integrated and chemical fertilizers. Effect size values for manure, vermicompost and integrated fertilizers on mucilage percentage of psyllium were computed significant impact with 0.6, 0.9 and 0.7, respectively. Manure, bio-fertilizer and integrated fertilizers were also significant on essential oil content of fennel, black seed and cumin. The results of Begg and Mazumdar correlation revealed that the impact of chemical fertilizer was heterogeneous on cumin and these fertilizers are not recommended for the medicinal plant species. The effect of chemical fertilizer was calculated as homogeneous on leaf dried weight of basil. In other cases, the application of biofertilizer, vermicompost and manure are homogeneous and recommended for these crops with 95% confidence interval.

Totally, there was high residual heterogeneity in meta-analyses of soil fertilizers on different species of medicinal plants, suggesting that a large amount of further research with detailed analysis of soil physical, chemical and biological properties is also required to fully understand the influence of fertilizer treatments on growth, quantitative yield, and quality oil yield. This meta-analysis quantified the growth and yield of medicinal plant affected as different fertilizers based on available scientific evidence, providing a basis for improvement of medicinal plants management.